Adaptive light source

ABSTRACT

A method according to embodiments of the invention includes creating a three-dimensional profile of a scene, calculating a relative amount of light for each portion of the scene based on the three-dimensional profile, and activating a light source to provide a first amount of light to a first portion of the scene, and a second amount of light to a second portion of the scene. The first amount and the second amount are different. The first amount and the second amount are determined by calculating a relative amount of light for each portion of the scene.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/790,433, filed Feb. 13, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/773,356, filed May 3, 2018, which is a § 371 application of International Application No. PCT/EP2016/076360 filed on Nov. 2, 2016 and titled “ADAPTIVE LIGHT SOURCE,” which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/253,580 filed on Nov. 10, 2015 and European Patent Application No. 16158004.8 filed on Mar. 1, 2016. U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 16/790,433, 15/773,356, International Application No. PCT/EP2016/076360, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/253,580, and European Patent Application No. 16158004.8 are incorporated herein.

BACKGROUND

Semiconductor light-emitting devices including light emitting diodes (LEDs), resonant cavity light emitting diodes (RCLEDs), vertical cavity laser diodes (VCSELs), and edge emitting lasers are among the most efficient light sources currently available. Material systems currently of interest for manufacturing of high-brightness light emitting devices capable of operation across the visible spectrum include Group III-V semiconductors, particularly binary, ternary, and quaternary alloys of gallium, aluminum, indium, and nitrogen, also referred to as III-nitride materials. Typically, III-nitride light emitting devices are fabricated by epitaxially growing a stack of semiconductor layers of different compositions and dopant concentrations on a sapphire, silicon carbide, III-nitride, or other suitable substrate by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), or other epitaxial techniques. The stack often includes one or more n-type layers doped with, for example, Si, formed over the substrate, one or more light emitting layers in an active region formed over the n-type layer or layers, and one or more p-type layers doped with, for example, Mg, formed over the active region. Electrical contacts are formed on the n- and p-type regions.

Due to their compact size and low power requirements, semiconductor light-emitting devices are attractive candidates for light sources such as camera flashes for hand-held, battery-powered devices, such as cameras and cell phones.

SUMMARY

According to embodiments of the invention, a light source is provided which may be used, for example, as a flash for a camera, or for any other suitable use. The light source is configured such that the illumination pattern emitted by the light source may be altered. For example, when used as a camera flash, for a given scene in the field of view of the camera, the light source may provide more light to parts of the scene that are not well lit by ambient light, and less light to parts of the scene that are well lit by ambient light.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system including at least one semiconductor light-emitting device as a light source.

FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C illustrate methods of illuminating a scene using, for example, the system of FIG. 1 .

FIG. 3 illustrates a scene to be illuminated.

FIG. 4 illustrates a three dimensional (3D) map of the scene illustrated in FIG. 3 .

FIG. 5 illustrates a flash intensity profile for the scene illustrated in FIG. 3 .

FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view of one example of a light source.

FIG. 7 is a top view of an array of LEDs.

FIG. 8 is a cross sectional view of one LED in the array of FIG. 7 .

FIG. 9 illustrates the scene that is illuminated in the examples in the following figures.

FIGS. 10A, 11A, 12A, 13A, 14A, and 15A illustrate different illuminance profiles for the scene illustrated in FIG. 9 .

FIGS. 10B, 11B, 12B, 13B, 14B, and 15B illustrate the amount of current applied to the LEDs in the array of FIG. 7 to generate the illuminance profiles illustrated in FIGS. 10A, 11A, 12A, 13A, 14A, and 15A.

FIGS. 16 and 17B illustrate the amount of current applied to the LEDs in the array of FIG. 7 to generate illuminance profiles for a zooming application.

FIG. 17A illustrates how the scene is illuminated when the LEDs are supplied with varying levels of current as illustrated in FIG. 17B.

FIG. 18A illustrates how the scene is illuminated when the LEDs are supplied with varying levels of current as illustrated in FIG. 18B.

FIG. 18B illustrates the amount of current applied to the LEDs in the array of FIG. 7 to generate an illuminance profile for a wide-angle application.

FIG. 19 is a cross sectional view of an array of LEDs with individual optics.

FIG. 20 illustrates a light source with multiple LED arrays.

FIG. 21 illustrates a scanning, narrow-beam light source.

FIG. 22 illustrates a light source with a matrix control element.

FIG. 23 illustrates a light source with light emitters that emit light of different colors or color temperatures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Though in the description below, embodiments of the invention are described as camera flashes, other uses are contemplated and are within the scope of the invention.

One problem with all camera flashes is that objects close to the camera are often overexposed while objects further from the camera do not get enough light. Embodiments of the invention include a light source such as a camera flash, for example for a portable or battery-powered device, or for a larger non-battery-powered photo studio flash. Light sources according to embodiments of the invention may adapt their illuminance profiles to the scene and deliver the right amount of light to all objects on the scene. The adaptive light source according to embodiments of the invention may include a semiconductor light source such as a semiconductor light-emitting device, thought any suitable light may be used.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of an adaptive light source, according to embodiments of the invention. The system illustrated in FIG. 1 may be included in a smart phone or any suitable device. The system illustrated in FIG. 1 includes a light source 10 connected to a driver 12. The driver 12 supplies power to the light source 10, as described below. The driver 12 is connected to a microprocessor 14. The microprocessor receives input from an input device 18 and camera 11. The system may also include 3D sensor 16. The input device 18 may be, for example, a user-activated input device such as a button that a user presses to take a picture. The input device 18 may not require a user input in some embodiments, such as in the case where a picture is taken automatically. The input device 18 may be omitted in some embodiments.

The 3D sensor 16 may be any suitable sensor capable of making a 3D profile of the scene, prior to taking a picture. In some embodiments, 3D sensor 16 may be a time of flight (ToF) camera. A ToF camera measures the time it takes for light reflected from objects to travel back to the ToF camera. The time may be used to calculate the distance to each object in the scene. In some embodiments, 3D sensor 16 may be a structured light sensor. A structured light sensor includes a projection device that projects a specially designed pattern of light on the scene. A camera also included in the structured light sensor measures the position of each part of the light pattern reflected from the objects of the scene and determines the distance to these objects by triangulation. In some embodiments, 3D sensor 16 may be an auxiliary camera or cameras positioned at a distance from each other in the body of the device. By comparing the position of the objects as seen by the auxiliary cameras, distances to each object can be determined by triangulation. In some embodiments, 3D sensor 16 is the autofocus signal of the main camera in the device. While scanning the focus position of the camera lens, the system can detect at which positions which parts of the scene are in focus. A 3D profile of the scene is then built by translating the corresponding lens positions into the distances to the objects that are in focus for these positions. A suitable autofocus signal is derived by conventional methods, for example by measuring the contrast or by utilizing phase detection sensors within the camera sensor. When phase detection sensors are used, in some embodiments, for optimal functioning of the adaptive flash, the positions of individual phase detection sensors may correspond to areas illuminated by separate segments of the light source 10, as described below.

One example of method for using the system illustrated in FIG. 1 is illustrated in FIG. 2A. In block 20 an input is generated, for example instructing that a picture be taken. In block 22 camera 11 takes a first preliminary image of the scene (corresponding to the camera's field of view) with flash turned off. In block 24 light source 10 is turned on in low light output mode (typically called “torch mode”). At this time the illuminance profile of the light source 10 is kept uniform where “uniform” means all portions of the scene are illuminated with a known illumination profile. In block 26 a second preliminary image is captured while light source 10 continues to be on with uniform illuminance profile and low brightness. In block 27 the system calculates the optimum brightness for all parts of the scene to achieve optimal exposure. This can be done by subtracting the pixel brightness values of first preliminary image from the respective pixel brightness values of second image, and scaling the differences to achieve the optimal exposure levels. In block 28 the final picture is taken by camera 11 with the light source 10 activated according to the illuminance profile calculated in block 27.

Another example of method for using the system illustrated in FIG. 1 is illustrated in FIG. 2B. In block 200, an input is generated, for example instructing that a picture be taken. In block 220 camera 11 takes a first preliminary image of the scene (corresponding to the camera's field of view) with flash turned off. In block 230, a 3D profile of the scene is generated. For example, 3D sensor 16 may generate the 3D profile of the scene, or 3D sensor 16 may sense data about the scene and transmit the data to microprocessor 14, which may generate the 3D profile of the scene. In block 270 the system calculates the optimum brightness for all parts of the scene to achieve optimal exposure. In block 280, based on the calculation performed in block 270, the scene is illuminated by the light source.

Another example of method for using the system illustrated in FIG. 1 is shown in FIG. 2C. In block 2000 an input is generated, for example instructing that a picture be taken. In block 2200 camera 11 takes a first preliminary image of the scene (corresponding to the camera's field of view) with flash turned off. In block 2300, a 3D profile of the scene is generated. In block 2400, light source 10 is turned on in low light output mode (typically called “torch mode”). At this time the illuminance profile of the light source 10 is kept uniform where “uniform” means all portions of the scenes are illuminated. In block 2600 a second preliminary image is captured with light source 10 in torch mode. In block 2700 the system calculates the optimum brightness for all parts of the scene to achieve optimal exposure based on the input of the 2 images taken and the 3D profile as described above in the text accompanying FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B. In block 2800 the final picture is taken by camera 11 with the light source 10 activated according to the illuminance profile calculated in block 2700.

In each of FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C, the input may be, for example, a user input such as the user pushing a button, an input generated by microprocessor 14 (for example, if microprocessor 14 is programmed to take a picture at a predetermined time, or at a predetermined interval), or any other suitable input. FIG. 3 illustrates a scene to be captured in a picture when the input is generated. The scene illustrated in FIG. 3 includes a first person 30 in the foreground, and a second person 32 in the background. This scene is selected for illustration purposes only. Other scenes with multiple objects or persons at various distances from the camera are also suitable for use of the present invention.

FIG. 4 illustrates the 3D profile for the scene illustrated in FIG. 3 . In FIG. 4 , the lighter shades correspond to shorter distance from the camera, darker shades correspond to larger distance from the camera. Accordingly, the person 30 in the foreground has the lightest shading, indicating the person 30 is closest to the camera. The person 32 in the background has darker shading, indicating the person 32 is further from the camera. The background is black, indicating the furthest distance from the camera

Objects located far from the flash may receive higher light intensity; objects located closer to the flash may receive less light. As is well-known, illuminance of light decreases according to the inverse square law of distance (Illuminance˜1/distance²). With the 3D profile of the scene the required amount of light to distribute to which portions of the scene can therefore be calculated. The algorithm calculating the required intensity profile may also take into account the illuminance that each of the objects in the scene receives from ambient light, information gathered with the capture of a 1′ image, and may adjust the amount of flash light accordingly. For example, objects 30 that are already well-illuminated, for example because they are lightly colored or reflective, may receive less light; objects that are not well-illuminated, for example because they are dark or not reflective, may receive more light than may be calculated solely based on their distance from the light source, as determined by the 3D profile.

Digital cameras and their image processors typically include face recognition algorithms. In some embodiments, information from a face recognition algorithm may be used to better illuminate faces compared to other objects. If there is not enough light to expose the complete picture well, faces benefit from more light. If the person is too close and there is a danger of overexposure, this feature should be turned off, such that more light is not directed to the face. In some embodiments, the calculation of relative light from the 3D profile may reduce the amount of light sent towards the eyes of the person to minimize “red eye” in the picture.

In some embodiments, the calculation of relative light from the 3D profile may identify parts of the scene that are very far from the flash and cannot be properly illuminated. A minimal amount of light is sent to these parts of the scene, in order to maximize the amount of light sent towards the useful parts of the scene and thus provide better use of available drive current capability.

In some embodiments, a user interface (for example, the touch screen on a smart phone) may allow a user control over the relative amount of light sent to each portion of the scene. For example, the user may turn adaptive features of the flash on and off, may turn various parts of the algorithm used to calculate the relative light from the 3D profile (described above) on and off, and may manually create flash accents on the scene.

Several illumination modes are contemplated by embodiments of the invention.

In some embodiments, in a first group of illumination modes, illumination from light source 10 is distributed across the scene to achieve the most homogenously useful illuminated picture. In particular, in some embodiments, overexposure is minimized: in the case where foreground is well illuminated by ambient light, all light from light source 10 is directed to the background. In some embodiments, the light source acts as a fill in flash: in the case where the background is well illuminated by ambient light, all light from light source 10 is directed to foreground. In some embodiments, when the foreground and the background are evenly illuminated by ambient lighting, light from light source 10 may be send mostly to the background. In some embodiments, in the case of a dark foreground, light from light source 10 illuminates the foreground just enough for a good picture, and the rest of the light from light source 10 is sent to the background.

In some embodiments, in a second group of illumination modes, selected objects are illuminated. In particular, in some embodiments, in combination with face recognition, faces may be weighted highest for best illumination. In some embodiments, in combination with face recognition, background around faces (or other objects) may receive less light, for example to increase contrast between the illuminated face and the background nearest the face. In some embodiments, selected zones of the scene are identified for example by a user input. Light from light source 10 may be directed only within the selected zone. Examples of selected zones include zoomed-in images, or otherwise-identified portions of the scene. In some embodiments, for pictures of, for example, business cards, light from light source 10 may be emitted with a very high uniformity level.

FIG. 5 illustrates light provided to the scene of FIG. 3 based on the calculation illustrated in FIG. 4 . In FIG. 5 , lighter shading corresponds to more light from light source 10, and darker shading corresponds to less light from light source 10. As illustrated in FIG. 5 , more light is provided in region 42, corresponding to the background person 32, while less light is provided in region 40, corresponding to foreground person 30. Extra light is provided to the face 52 of the person in the background. The least amount of light may be provided to the background where neither person 30 nor person 32 appears (not shown).

FIGS. 6, 7, and 8 illustrate one example of a light source 10, which may be used in the system illustrated in FIG. 1 . Any suitable light source may be used and embodiments of the invention are not limited to the structures illustrated in FIGS. 6, 7, and 8 .

FIG. 7 is a top view of a square array 60 of LEDs 62. The LEDs 62 may be monolithically grown on a single substrate. Alternatively, the LEDs 62 need not be monolithically grown on a single substrate, but may be diced then arranged on a mount such that neighboring LEDs are very close together. In some embodiments, the gap between LEDs 62 is less than ⅓ of a dimension (for example, the width) of an individual LED 62. Though a 3×3 square array is illustrated, any suitable number of LEDs may be used, and the array need not be square, it may be rectangular or any suitable shape. The size of individual LEDs may depend on several design parameters as, for example, building volume with optical lens included, field of view of the camera and number of LEDs in the array. For example, the array must include enough LEDs to illuminate the total field of view of the camera (i.e. the entire scene). For smart phone applications, the total width of the array may be no more than 2 mm in some embodiments. For larger cameras, the width of the array may be no more than 10 mm in some embodiments. Though the individual LEDs are square, this is not required; rectangular LEDs or LEDs of any suitable shape may be used.

FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view of the light source 10. The array 60 of LEDs 62 is positioned such that a majority of light extracted from the array 60 is emitted toward an optic 64. In the example illustrated, optic 64 is spaced apart from the array 60. Alternatively, the optic 64 may be placed on top of array 60. Optic 64 may be any suitable structure that collimates the light and directs light to the appropriate area of the scene. Optic 64 may be, for example, a lens, multiple lenses, one or more Fresnel lenses, one or more refractive lens, one or more total internal reflection lens elements, one or more reflectors, one or more collimators, or any other suitable optic. In the examples below, optic 64 is a Fresnel lens. The light source may be in the shape of a box 66, with the array 60 disposed on a bottom of the box, and the optic 64 forming the top of the box. Interior sidewalls 68 of the box, any portion of the bottom that is not occupied by the array 60, and any portion of the top that is not occupied by the optic 64, are part of the optical design, and therefore may be reflective or light absorbing as appropriate.

FIG. 8 is a cross sectional view of one example of a single LED 62 in the array illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7 . Any suitable LED may be used and embodiments of the invention are not limited to the structure illustrated in FIG. 8 . In the device of FIG. 8 , a majority of light is extracted from the LED through the growth substrate. Such a device may be referred to as a flip chip device. The LED of FIG. 8 is formed by growing a III-nitride semiconductor structure on a growth substrate 70 as is known in the art. The growth substrate is often sapphire but may be any suitable substrate such as, for example, a non-III-nitride material, SiC, Si, GaN, or a composite substrate. A surface of the growth substrate on which the III-nitride semiconductor structure is grown may be patterned, roughened, or textured before growth, which may improve light extraction from the device. A surface of the growth substrate opposite the growth surface (i.e. the surface through which a majority of light is extracted in a flip chip configuration) may be patterned, roughened or textured before or after growth, which may improve light extraction from the device.

The semiconductor structure includes a light emitting or active region sandwiched between n- and p-type regions. An n-type region 72 may be grown first and may include multiple layers of different compositions and dopant concentration including, for example, preparation layers such as buffer layers or nucleation layers, which may be n-type or not intentionally doped, and n- or even p-type device layers designed for particular optical, material, or electrical properties desirable for the light emitting region to efficiently emit light. A light emitting or active region 74 is grown over the n-type region. Examples of suitable light emitting regions include a single thick or thin light emitting layer, or a multiple quantum well light emitting region including multiple thin or thick light emitting layers separated by barrier layers. A p-type region 76 may then be grown over the light emitting region. Like the n-type region, the p-type region may include multiple layers of different composition, thickness, and dopant concentration, including layers that are not intentionally doped, or n-type layers.

After growth of the semiconductor structure, a reflective p-contact 78 is formed on the surface of the p-type region. The p-contact 78 often includes multiple conductive layers such as a reflective metal and a guard metal which may prevent or reduce electromigration of the reflective metal. The reflective metal is often silver but any suitable material or materials may be used. After forming the p-contact 78, a portion of the p-contact 78, the p-type region 76, and the active region 74 is removed to expose a portion of the n-type region 72 on which an n-contact 80 is formed. The n- and p-contacts 80 and 78 are electrically isolated from each other by a gap 82 which may be filled with a dielectric such as an oxide of silicon or any other suitable material. Multiple n-contact vias may be formed; the n- and p-contacts 80 and 78 are not limited to the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 8 . The n- and p-contacts may be redistributed to form bond pads with a dielectric/metal stack, as is known in the art (not shown).

As described above, the LEDs 62 in the array 60 may be formed on a single wafer, then diced from the wafer as an array 60 with individual LEDs 62 in the array still attached to a single growth substrate portion. Alternatively, many LEDs 62 may be formed on a single wafer, then diced from the wafer, such that already-diced, individual LEDs are disposed on a mount to form array 60.

The substrate 70 may be thinned after growth of the semiconductor structure or after forming the individual devices. In some embodiments, the substrate is removed from the device of FIG. 8 . A majority of light extracted from the device of FIG. 8 is extracted through the substrate 70 (or the surface of the semiconductor structure exposed by removing the substrate 70). Embodiments of the invention are not limited to flip chip LEDs—any suitable device may be used.

A wavelength converting structure 84 may be disposed in the path of light extracted from the light emitting device. The wavelength converting structure includes one or more wavelength converting materials which may be, for example, conventional phosphors, organic phosphors, quantum dots, organic semiconductors, II-VI or III-V semiconductors, II-VI or III-V semiconductor quantum dots or nanocrystals, dyes, polymers, or other materials that luminesce. The wavelength converting material absorbs light emitted by the LED and emits light of one or more different wavelengths. Unconverted light emitted by the LED is often part of the final spectrum of light extracted from the structure, though it need not be. The final spectrum of light extracted from the structure may be white, polychromatic, or monochromatic. Examples of common combinations include a blue-emitting LED combined with a yellow-emitting wavelength converting material, a blue-emitting LED combined with green- and red-emitting wavelength converting materials, a UV-emitting LED combined with blue- and yellow-emitting wavelength converting materials, and a UV-emitting LED combined with blue-, green-, and red-emitting wavelength converting materials. Wavelength converting materials emitting other colors of light may be added to tailor the spectrum of light extracted from the structure. The wavelength converting structure 84 may include light scattering or light diffusing elements such as TiO₂.

In some embodiments, the wavelength converting structure 84 is a structure that is fabricated separately from the LED and attached to the LED, for example through wafer bonding or a suitable adhesive such as silicone or epoxy. One example of such a pre-fabricated wavelength converting element is a ceramic phosphor, which is formed by, for example, sintering powder phosphor or the precursor materials of phosphor into a ceramic slab, which may then be diced into individual wavelength converting elements. A ceramic phosphor may also be formed by, for example tape casting, where the ceramic is fabricated to the correct shape, with no dicing or cutting necessary. Examples of suitable non-ceramic pre-formed wavelength converting elements include powder phosphors that are dispersed in transparent material such as silicone or glass that is rolled, cast, or otherwise formed into a sheet, then singulated into individual wavelength converting elements, powder phosphors that are disposed in a transparent material such as silicone and laminated over the wafer of LEDs or individual LEDs, and phosphor mixed with silicone and disposed on a transparent substrate. The wavelength converting element need not be pre-formed, it may be, for example, wavelength converting material mixed with transparent binder that is laminated, dispensed, deposited, screen-printed, electrophoretically deposited, or otherwise positioned in the path of light emitted by the LEDs.

The wavelength converting structure 84 need not be disposed in direct contact with the LEDs as illustrated in FIG. 8 ; in some embodiments, the wavelength converting structure 84 is spaced apart from the LEDs.

The wavelength converting structure 84 may be a monolithic element covering multiple or all LEDs in an array, or may be structured into separate segments, each attached to a corresponding LED. Gaps between these separate segments of the wavelength conversion structure 84 may be filled with optically reflective material to confine light emission from each segment to this segment only.

Interconnects (not shown) such as, for example, solder, stud bumps, gold layers, or any other suitable structure, may be used to electrically and physically connect the LEDs 62 in the array 60 to a structure such as a mount, a printed circuit board, or any other suitable structure. The mount may be configured such that individual LEDs 62 may be individually controlled by driver 12 of FIG. 1 . The light emitted by the individual LEDs 62 illuminates a different part of the scene. By changing the current to individual LEDs, the light provided to a corresponding part of the scene can be modified. The optimal illuminance profile for the scene, calculated as described above, may be obtained by providing an appropriate level of current to each LED 62.

In some devices such as mobile or battery-powered devices, the maximum amount of current available for the adaptive light source of FIG. 1 is often limited by the capabilities of the device battery. When defining the drive current levels to all the LEDs 62, the system typically takes into account the maximum available current budget, and thereby defines the drive current level for each LED 62 such that the total drive current does not exceed the maximum, while the correct ratio of intensity between the LEDs is maintained and total light output is maximized.

FIG. 9 illustrates a scene to be illuminated in the examples illustrated below in FIGS. 10A, 11A, 12A, 13A, 14A, and 15A. The amount of current provided to each LED for each example is illustrated in FIGS. 10B, 11B, 12B, 13B, 14B, and 15B. The target 88, identified by the dashed line in FIG. 9 , requires more light than the rest of the scene, according to the calculation from the 3D profile, described above. In each of FIGS. 10A, 11A, 12A, 13A, 14A, and 15A, the amount of light provided to a region decreases with increasing darkness of the shading. The light distributions illustrated in each figure may be relative.

FIG. 10A illustrates how the scene is illuminated when all LEDs 62 are supplied with the same amount of current, as illustrated in FIG. 10B. The center of the scene is brightly illuminated, while the outer edges of the scene are less illuminated. Accordingly, the portion of the target near the center of the scene is more illuminated than the portion of the target near the edge of the scene.

FIG. 11A illustrates how the scene is illuminated when only three LEDs are supplied with current, each of the three receiving the same amount of current, while the other six LEDs receive no current. The three LEDs 91, 92, and 93 supplied with current are the center LED, and the two bottom LEDs in the left-most column, as illustrated in FIG. 11B. As illustrated in FIG. 11A, the right side of the scene, corresponding roughly to the target, is more brightly illuminated than the rest of the scene. The current density for LEDs 91, 92, and 93 in FIG. 11B may be three times higher than the case illustrated in FIG. 10B, where all LEDs are supplied with equal current. The illuminance of the target in FIG. 11A is about 1.6 times higher than the illuminance of the target in FIG. 10A.

To obtain higher illuminance, fewer segments can be switched on, as illustrated in two examples shown in FIGS. 12A, 12B, 13A, and 13B.

FIG. 12A illustrates how the scene is illuminated when only two LEDs are supplied with current, each receiving the same amount of current, while the other seven LEDs receive no current. The two LEDs 94 and 95 supplied with current are the two bottom LEDs in the left-most column, as illustrated in FIG. 12B. As illustrated in FIG. 12A, the right side of the scene, corresponding roughly to the target, is more brightly illuminated than the rest of the scene. The illuminance of the target in FIG. 12A is greater than the illuminance of the target in FIG. 11A.

FIG. 13A illustrates how the scene is illuminated when only a single LED is supplied with current while the other eight LEDs receive no current. The LED 96 supplied with current is the center LED in the left-most column, as illustrated in FIG. 13B. As illustrated in FIG. 13A, the right side of the scene, corresponding roughly to the target, is more brightly illuminated than the rest of the scene, though the highly illuminated spot is smaller than in FIGS. 12A and 11A. The illuminance of the target in FIG. 13A is greater than the illuminance of the target in FIG. 11A.

To improve the uniformity of illuminance across the entire target, the current supplied to different LEDs may be varied, as illustrated in two examples shown in FIGS. 14A, 14B, 15A, and 15B.

FIG. 14A illustrates how the scene is illuminated when six LEDs are supplied with varying levels of current and three LEDs receive no current. The center LED 96 in the left column is supplied with five times more current than the five LEDs 97, 98, 99, 100, and 101 which surround LED 96. The three LEDs in the right column receive no current, as illustrated in FIG. 14B. As illustrated in FIG. 14A, the right side of the scene, corresponding roughly to the target, is more brightly illuminated than the rest of the scene. The illuminance of the target is more uniform than in, for example, FIG. 13A.

FIG. 15A illustrates how the scene is illuminated when four LEDs are supplied with varying levels of current and five LEDs receive no current. The center LED 102 in the left column is supplied with four times more current than the bottom LED 105 in the center column, and with twice as much current as the center LED 104 and the bottom LED 103 in the left column. The top row of LEDs and the LEDs in the right column receive no current, as illustrated in FIG. 15B. As illustrated in FIG. 15A, the right side of the scene, corresponding roughly to the target, is more brightly illuminated than the rest of the scene. The illuminance of the target is more uniform than in, for example, FIG. 13 A.

FIGS. 16, 17B, and 18B illustrate how current may be applied to the array 60 of LEDs 62 in FIG. 6 , for zoom and wide angle applications. When a command to zoom in the camera lens is received, LEDs near the center of the array receive more current, as illustrated in FIGS. 16 and 17B. FIG. 17A illustrates how the scene is illuminated when the LEDs are supplied with varying levels of current as illustrated in FIG. 17B.

When a command to zoom out the camera lens is received, LEDs near the edge of the array receive more current, as illustrated in FIG. 18B. FIG. 18A illustrates how the scene is illuminated when the LEDs are supplied with varying levels of current as illustrated in FIG. 18B.

In FIG. 16 , for a zoom application, just the center LED 110 is supplied with current, while the eight LEDs surrounding the center LED receive no current. The center of the scene will be brightly illuminated, while the edges of the scene will receive less light. Illuminance at the center of the scene may be increased by 2.2 times over the center of the scene in FIG. 10A, where all nine LEDs receive equal current.

In FIG. 17B, for a zoom application, the center LED 111 is supplied with twice as much current as LEDs 112, and four times as much current as LEDs 114. The center of the scene is more illuminated than the edges of the scene. Illuminance at the center of the scene may be increased by 1.15 times over the center of the scene in FIG. 10A, where all nine LEDs receive equal current.

In FIG. 18B, for a wide-angle application, the eight LEDs 118 at the edges of the array receive equal current, while the center LED 116 receives no current. Illuminance at the center of the scene may be reduced to 0.85 times the illuminance at the center of the scene in FIG. 10A, where all nine LEDs receive equal current.

The adaptive light source may be used to illuminate multiple targets, by providing current to only the LEDs corresponding to each target, or by providing more current to the LEDs corresponding to each target. The adaptive flash may be used to reduce overexposure in a scene containing elements that are close to the camera and far from the camera, by providing current to only the LEDs corresponding to the elements far from the camera, or by providing more current to the LEDs corresponding to the elements far from the camera.

The illuminance values given for the examples above are calculated for the illustrated 3×3 array with a single Fresnel lens. The light output of each LED in the examples above can be controlled by the driver current of the LED, or by pulse duration with a fixed current.

FIGS. 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23 illustrate alternative light sources.

In the light source of FIG. 19 , each LED 62 in the array has an individual optic 122, rather than a single optic for the entire array, as illustrated in FIG. 6 . Each optic 122 directs light from its LED to a specific portion of the scene. Optics 122 may be any suitable optic including, for example, lenses, dome lenses, Fresnel lenses, reflectors, total internal reflection lenses, or any other suitable structure. Optics 122 need not be identical; different optics may be used for different LEDs 62 in the array.

The light source of FIG. 20 includes multiple LED arrays with multiple optical elements. For example, FIG. 20 illustrates two 3×3 arrays, each with a single corresponding Fresnel lens. More or fewer arrays may be used, and the arrays are not limited to the device illustrated. In some embodiments, each array illuminates a part of the scene. Array 124 in FIG. 20 illuminates the top 128 of the scene, while array 126 illuminates the bottom 130 of the scene. In some embodiments, the arrays illuminate overlapping parts of the scene, in order to provide more light to the overlapping parts. For example, the arrays may overlap in the center of the scene, which may be a part of the scene that often requires more light than the edges.

The light source of FIG. 21 uses a narrow-beam light emitting device such as, for example, a laser. The light source of FIG. 21 includes a laser 140 with a wavelength converting element 142 disposed in the path of the light from the laser. Focusing optics 144 may create a light beam of the desired size. The beam is incident on a first scanning mirror 146, and a second scanning mirror 148, before being incident on the scene 150. The scanning mirrors may be moved such that the light beam scans the entire scene, while the driver controls the intensity of the light source, such that different parts of the scene may receive different amounts of light. When the beam scans parts of the scene requiring higher intensity, the current supplied to the laser increases; when the beam scans parts of the scene requiring lower intensity, the current supplied to the laser decreases.

The light source of FIG. 22 includes a matrix control element, such as a digital micromirror switching device or a multi-segment liquid crystal display. Light from an LED or laser 152 illuminates the matrix control element 154. The intensity of the reflected or transmitted light is modified depending on the calculated illuminance profile. The reflected or transmitted light from the matrix switching element 154 is projected onto the scene 156. Matrix switching element 154 may have many small mirrors as pixels. The orientation of each mirror can be changed to tune the intensity at each pixel. The orientation of the mirrors may also be used to create brighter regions, by overlapping the beams from different mirrors.

The light source of FIG. 23 is color tunable. The light source of FIG. 23 includes two arrays, 160 and 162, which are arranged to emit beams 166 and 168, respectively, which overlap when they illuminate the scene 164. Though two arrays like the array illustrated in FIG. 6 are illustrated, other suitable light emitters may be used. The system may include 3 or more arrays with different emission spectra. Arrays 160 and 162 emit different colors of light. For example, arrays 160 and 162 may both emit white light, though array 160 may emit white light with a different color temperature than array 162—i.e., one of array 160 and array 162 emits warm white light. For example, the array that emits warm white light may emit light with a color temperature as low as 1700 K, and the array that emits cool white light may emit light with a color temperature as high as 10000 K. The difference in color temperature between the two arrays may be at least 1000 K in some embodiments, at least 2000 K in some embodiments, at least 3000 K in some embodiments, and at least 4000 K in some embodiments. Alternatively, arrays 160 and 162 may emit different monochromatic colors of light. The appropriate current supplied to each LED in each array is calculated such that the sum of light from arrays 160 and 162 has the appropriate illuminance and color temperature for each portion of the scene. Arrays (or other light emitters) emitting additional colors or color temperatures of light may be added.

In some embodiments, LEDs emitting multiple spectra may be combined in a single, interleaved array, with a single optic as illustrated in FIG. 6 or with individual optics as illustrated in FIG. 19 . LEDs of different colors may be arranged in groups, each group illuminating a portion of the scene, each group including at least one LED of each different color.

The color tunable light source described above may be used to illuminate different parts of the scene with light of different correlated color temperature (CCT). For example, a color tunable light source may be used to equalize the CCT of different ambient illuminants. The sections of the scene with low CCT ambient light may be illuminated with higher CCT light, while the sections of the scene with high CCT ambient light may be illuminated with lower CCT light.

In some embodiments, light source 10 may be used with different cameras. For example, a smart phone may have multiple cameras, or different smart phone models may use different cameras. The cameras may each have a specific field of view, for which the flash for that camera is tuned (for example, tuned to provide a minimum level of illumination in the corner of the field of view). Accordingly, for a conventional flash, each camera requires a separate flash that is tuned to that camera's field of view. With adaptive light source according to embodiments of the invention, a default current distribution for each camera could be defined and selected when that camera is selected, such that a single light source may be used for multiple cameras. The default for each camera may be modified according to the scene being photographed, as described in the embodiments above.

Though in the examples above the semiconductor light emitting device are III-nitride LEDs that emits blue or UV light, semiconductor light emitting devices besides LEDs such as laser diodes and semiconductor light emitting devices made from other materials systems such as other III-V materials, III-phosphide, III-arsenide, II-VI materials, ZnO, or Si-based materials may be used.

Having described the invention in detail, those skilled in the art will appreciate that, given the present disclosure, modifications may be made to the invention without departing from the spirit of the inventive concept described herein. In particular, different elements from different examples or embodiments may be combined. It is not intended that the scope of the invention be limited to the specific embodiments illustrated and described. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system, comprising: a camera having a field of view that includes a scene; at least one hardware-based processor; and memory, including instructions that, when executed by the at least one hardware-based processor, cause the at least one hardware-based processor to execute instructions, the instructions comprising: capturing, with the camera, a first image of the scene under ambient lighting; capturing, with the camera, a second image of the scene while illuminating the scene with a first amount of light; for portions of the scene that correspond to individual light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in an array of LEDs, determining a distance from the array of LEDs to each portion of the scene; calculating, based at least in part on the corresponding determined distance from the array of LEDs each portion of the scene, a relative amount of light for each portion of the scene by determining and comparing brightness values of the first image and the second image for each portion of the scene, to reduce overexposure of the respective portion of the scene; determining, from the calculated relative amounts of light, that a first portion of the scene and a second portion of the scene receive different amounts of light; providing a first amount of current, based on the calculated relative amounts of light, to a first LED of the array of LEDs to illuminate the first portion of the scene; providing a second amount of current, different from the first amount and based on the calculated relative amounts of light, to a second LED of the array of LEDs to illuminate the second portion of the scene; subtracting pixel brightness values of the first image from respective pixel brightness values of the second image to form difference values; scaling the difference values to determine an exposure level; and capturing, with the camera, a third image of the scene using the determined exposure level.
 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a three-dimensional sensor coupled to the at least one hardware-based processor and configured to determine the distance from the array of LEDs to each portion of the scene.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein capturing the first image of the scene under the ambient lighting comprises capturing the first image of the scene while the array of LEDs is unpowered.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein illuminating the scene with the first amount of light comprises providing a same amount of current to each LED of the array of LEDs.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein: the second image of the scene is captured before determining the distances from the array of LEDs to the portions of the scene; and the distances from the array of LEDs to the portions of the scene are determined based in part on at least one of the first image of the scene or the second image of the scene.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein: the second image of the scene is captured after determining the distances from the array of LEDs to the portions of the scene; and the distances from the array of LEDs to the portions of the scene are determined based in part on the first image of the scene.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the instructions further comprise capturing, with the camera, a third image of the scene while providing the first amount of current to the first LED of the array of LEDs to illuminate the first portion of the scene and providing the second amount of current to the second LED of the array of LEDs to illuminate the second portion of the scene.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein: the first LED of the array of LEDs is configured to emit white light having a first emission spectrum; and the second LED of the array of LEDs is configured to emit white light having a second emission spectrum different from the first emission spectrum.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein: the array of LEDs is a first array of LEDs; and the first array of LEDs and a second array of LEDs are arranged to illuminate one or more same portions of the scene.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein: the first array of LEDs is configured to emit light having a first emission spectrum; and the second array of LEDs is configured to emit light having a second emission spectrum different from the first emission spectrum.
 11. A method, comprising: capturing, with a camera, a first image of a scene under ambient lighting; capturing, with the camera, a second image of the scene while illuminating the scene with a first amount of light; for portions of the scene that correspond to individual light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in an array of LEDs, determining a distance from the array of LEDs to each portion of the scene; calculating, based at least in part on the corresponding determined distance from the array of LEDs each portion of the scene, a relative amount of light for each portion of the scene by determining and comparing brightness values of the first image and the second image for each portion of the scene, to reduce overexposure of the respective portion of the scene; determining, from the calculated relative amounts of light, that a first portion of the scene and a second portion of the scene receive different amounts of light; providing a first amount of current, based on the calculated relative amounts of light, to a first LED of the array of LEDs to illuminate the first portion of the scene; providing a second amount of current, different from the first amount and based on the calculated relative amounts of light, to a second LED of the array of LEDs to illuminate the second portion of the scene; subtracting pixel brightness values of the first image from respective pixel brightness values of the second image to form difference values; scaling the difference values to determine an exposure level; and capturing, with the camera, a third image of the scene using the determined exposure level.
 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: capturing, with the camera, a third image of the scene while providing the first amount of current to the first LED of the array of LEDs to illuminate the first portion of the scene and providing the second amount of current to the second LED of the array of LEDs to illuminate the second portion of the scene.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein determining the distance from the array of LEDs to each portion of the scene comprises using a three-dimensional sensor coupled to at least one hardware-based processor to determine the distance from the array of LEDs to each portion of the scene.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein capturing the first image of the scene under the ambient lighting comprises capturing the first image of the scene while the array of LEDs is unpowered.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein illuminating the scene with the first amount of light comprises providing a same amount of current to each LED of the array of LEDs.
 16. The method of claim 11, wherein: the second image of the scene is captured before determining the distances from the source to the portions of the scene; and the distances from the source to the portions of the scene are determined based in part on at least one of the first image of the scene or the second image of the scene.
 17. The method of claim 11, wherein: the second image of the scene is captured after determining the distances from the source to the portions of the scene; and the distances from the source to the portions of the scene are determined based in part on the first image of the scene.
 18. A system, comprising: a camera having a field of view that includes a scene; an array of light emitting diodes (LEDs); and at least one hardware-based processor coupled to the camera and the array of LEDs; and memory, including instructions that, when executed by the at least one hardware-based processor, cause the at least one hardware-based processor to execute instructions, the instructions comprising: for portions of the scene that correspond to individual light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in an array of LEDs, determining a distance from the array of LEDs to each portion of the scene; capturing, with the camera, a first image of the scene while the array of LEDs is unpowered; capturing, with the camera, a second image of the scene while illuminating the scene while providing a same amount of current to each LED of the array of LEDs; calculating, based at least in part on the corresponding determined distance from the array of LEDs each portion of the scene, a relative amount of light for each portion of the scene by determining and comparing brightness values of the first image and the second image for each portion of the scene, to reduce overexposure of the respective portion of the scene; determining, from the calculated relative amounts of light, that a first portion of the scene and a second portion of the scene receive different amounts of light; providing a first amount of current, based on the calculated relative amounts of light, to a first LED of the array of LEDs to illuminate the first portion of the scene; providing a second amount of current, different from the first amount and based on the calculated relative amounts of light, to a second LED of the array of LEDs to illuminate the second portion of the scene; subtracting pixel brightness values of the first image from respective pixel brightness values of the second image to form difference values; scaling the difference values to determine an exposure level; and capturing, with the camera, a third image of the scene using the determined exposure level. 